Johannes Vermeer: The Geographer. From the Städelsches Kunstinstitut (Frankfurt am Main)

It has been organized by the State Hermitage and the Städelsches Kunstinstitut (Frankfurt am Main).

Two works by the same artist have already featured in the series: in 2001 Lady in Blue Reading a Letter (1662–64) and in 2011 The Love Letter (1669–70), both from the collection of the Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, Netherlands).

Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675) is one of the best known artists of Holland’s Golden Age. His refined painting technique, experiments with optics and perspective, unique way of conveying light and the poetic character of his images remain unsurpassed in their originality and the power of their impact on the viewer.

Vermeer’s life and work are connected with the city of Delft. To this day many mysteries remain in the artist’s biography. For example, it has still not been established from whom Vermeer learnt to paint. Scholars suggest that his teacher may have been the brilliant Delft-based painter Carel Fabritius (1622–1654), who died young.

Vermeer painted The Geographer in 1669. It is a fairly small “cabinet picture” that the artist signed twice. Compared to the two works previously exhibited in the Hermitage, it reflects a different aspect of Vermeer’s repertoire of subject matter.

In the interior of a study illuminated by daylight entering through a window he presents us with a young man dressed in a homely manner. With one hand resting on the desk and a pair of dividers in the other, he has lifted his gaze for a moment from the books and papers lying before him to ponder some kind of decision. The character of the objects surrounding the personage and the nature of the setting testify to his intellectual pursuits. The woven cover with a plant pattern casually pushed to the edge of the table, leaves room for the rolled-up leaves and a large white sheet of paper. Some more sheets, perhaps bearing calculations, lie unheeded on the floor. The notched rod that can just about be made out in the upper part of the window is, in the opinion of some scholars, part of an astronomical instrument known as a “Jacob’s staff”.

The young man’s relaxed pose, full of a sense of immediacy, and his elusive gaze that is not fixed on a specific object convey the fleeting nature of the situation. The fine play of light reflexes on the textured surface of the cloth, the glowing white expanse of paper on the desk, the soft shadow on the wall and the accents on the personage’s clothing have been painted with exceptional delicacy and come together to create a whole of rare harmony. There is something metaphysical about this scene devoid of overt action, a glimpse seems to have been snatched from the flow of life in a way reminiscent of a still from a movie.

The geographical map and globe that feature in the composition provided grounds for identifying the personage in the painting as a geographer.

From 1713 right up to the end of the 18th century, in every collection The Geographer went together with another closely related work by Vermeer, which may have been a companion piece: The Astronomer (1668), now in the Louvre, Paris.

In creating The Geographer and The Astronomer, the artist intended more than simply the image of a scholar engaged in science, envisaging a broader philosophical aspect. The globe as a symbol of the universe and of the associated idea of the finite nature of earthly existence was a favourite motif in 17th-century paintings. A terrestrial or celestial globe features in many commissioned portraits, in genre scenes and in Dutch still lifes. It plays an important role in the works of Rembrandt and his school. One of the unsolved questions about The Geographer is whom Vermeer actually depicted in this painting. According to some hypotheses, the man who commissioned and served as the model for The Geographer and The Astronomer may have been a celebrated contemporary of Vermeer, the naturalist who later became famous for the invention of the microscope – Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), who in 1676 was appointed guardian of the artist’s heirs.

When speaking of the history of this remarkable picture, which over the course of the centuries changed hands on multiple occasions and spent time in several European countries, mention must be made of one intriguing, albeit brief “Russian” episode. The memory of it is preserved by an oval stamp inscribed GALERIE DE SAN DONATO on the back of the canvas, and a half-erased mark made with sealing-wax on the stretcher. Also attached to the back of the painting is a sheet of paper carrying a detailed list of the collections through which it passed between 1713 and 1872. Around 1877, The Geographer was bought in Paris by the Russian businessman and art patron Pavel Pavlovich Demidov (1839–1885). After inheriting the famous Villa San Donato outside Florence from his uncle, he settled in Italy. There the connoisseur enlarged through his own purchases the art collections assembled by several generations of Demidovs. Soon, though, as early as 1880, Pavel Pavlovich decided to sell the villa and its treasures and to move to a new estate, Pratolino. On 15 March 1880, a tremendous auction began at San Donato that went on for several days. The Vermeer was Lot 1124 in the auction catalogue.

The present exhibition has been prepared by the Department of Western European Art. The curator and author of the exhibition concept is Irina Alexeyevna Sokolova, Doctor of Culturology, Keeper of Dutch Painting and Chief Researcher in the Department of Western European Art.

A scholarly publication in Russian, Johannes Vermeer: The Geographer (State Hermitage Publishing House, 2016) has been produced for the exhibition. The text is by Irina Sokolova.